Shrinkage Procedure in Garments 2024

Shrinkage in garments refers to the reduction in the dimensions of fabric or a garment after washing, drying, or exposure to moisture and heat. It is an essential aspect of garment manufacturing, as managing shrinkage ensures that the final product maintains its intended size and fit after consumer use.

Here’s a detailed look at the shrinkage procedure in garments, including types of shrinkage, testing methods, and control measures:

Types of Shrinkage

1. Relaxation Shrinkage:

   • Occurs when fabric fibers relax and return to their natural state after being stretched during manufacturing.
   • Common in knit fabrics or fabrics with high elasticity.

2. Felting Shrinkage:

   • Happens primarily in woolen fabrics when heat, moisture, and friction cause fibers to mat together.
   • Results in a significant reduction in size.

3. Residual Shrinkage:

   • The shrinkage that remains after the fabric undergoes processes like preshrinking or heat setting.

4. Progressive Shrinkage:

   • Gradual shrinkage that occurs over several wash cycles instead of just one.

Shrinkage Testing Procedure

The shrinkage of fabric is tested to ensure it meets quality standards. Here’s the typical procedure followed in the industry:

1. Sample Preparation

• A fabric or garment sample is selected and marked at specific dimensions (usually 50 cm or 100 cm).
• The sample is marked both horizontally and vertically, using a template or marking pen.

2. Washing

• The sample is subjected to the standard washing conditions recommended for that type of fabric. This can include different temperatures, water levels, and washing cycles.
• Testing usually follows standard protocols such as ISO or AATCC, with specific temperature settings (e.g., 40°C, 60°C) and specific detergent types used.

3. Drying

• After washing, the fabric is dried under controlled conditions. This can be done using tumble drying or air drying, depending on the fabric type.
• The drying method follows specific industry guidelines to ensure consistency in the shrinkage results.

4. Measurement

• Once the sample is completely dry, the marked dimensions are measured again.

• The shrinkage percentage is calculated using the following formula:

  $$\text{Shrinkage Percentage} = \frac{(\text{Original Length} - \text{Final Length})}{\text{Original Length}} \times 100$$

5. Reporting

• The shrinkage percentage is then recorded, and the results are compared to acceptable industry standards for that particular fabric.

Shrinkage Control Methods

To prevent or minimize shrinkage in garments, manufacturers use several methods during the production process:

1. Sulfurization

• A preshrinking process that involves mechanical stretching and compressing the fabric before cutting and sewing.
• Helps control shrinkage to a specified percentage (often around 1% or less).

2. Heat Setting

• Synthetic fabrics, such as polyester, are often heat-set to stabilize the fibers and reduce shrinkage.
• This is done by subjecting the fabric to a high-temperature environment to lock in the shape and size.

3. Use of Shrink-Resistant Finishes

• Chemical finishes are applied to fabrics to make them resistant to shrinkage, especially for cotton and wool.
• These finishes can also enhance durability and improve dimensional stability.

4. Pre-Washing

• Some manufacturers pre-wash fabrics or garments to induce and control shrinkage before sending them to retail.

5. Proper Laundering Instructions

• Providing consumers with accurate care labels and instructions (e.g., washing at lower temperatures, avoiding tumble drying) helps control shrinkage after purchase.

FAQs on Shrinkage in Garments

Q1: Why does shrinkage occur in garments?

Shrinkage happens due to the natural relaxation of fibers after they have been stretched or manipulated during manufacturing, or due to the effects of heat, moisture, and friction.

Q2: How much shrinkage is considered acceptable in garments?

Acceptable shrinkage is usually between 1-3%, but it depends on the type of fabric. Pre-shrunk fabrics, such as those that have undergone Sulfurization, usually have less shrinkage (less than 1%).

Q3: Can shrinkage be prevented entirely?

While shrinkage can be controlled or minimized, it is difficult to eliminate it entirely. Proper fabric treatments, finishes, and care instructions help reduce shrinkage to an acceptable level.

Q4: What fabrics shrink the most?

Natural fibers such as cotton, wool, and linen are more prone to shrinkage than synthetic fibers like polyester or nylon.

Q5: How do I care for clothes to avoid shrinkage?

Following care instructions like washing in cold water, avoiding tumble drying, and ironing at low temperatures helps maintain the original size and shape of garments.

Conclusion

Understanding and controlling shrinkage is vital for producing high-quality garments that maintain their shape and fit after consumer use. By utilizing various shrinkage control methods and adhering to industry testing standards, garment manufacturers can ensure the durability and longevity of their products, providing greater satisfaction to their customers.